Mowa zależna i reporting verbs - teoria i ćwiczenia

 

Reported Speech 1. Ogólna zasada

W mowie zależnej cofamy czas

Mowa niezależna	Mowa zależna
“I am tired.”	She said she was tired.
“I have finished.”	He said he had finished.
“I will go.”	She said she would go.
“I can swim.”	He said he could swim.
“I went there.”	She said she had gone there.

Nie cofamy czasu, jeśli wypowiedź nadal jest aktualna:

The teacher said (that) water boils at 100°C.

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2. Zmiana zaimków i określeń czasu/miejsca

W mowie niezależnej	W mowie zależnej
today	that day
yesterday	the day before / the previous day
tomorrow	the next / the following day
now	then
here	there
this	that
these	those
next week	the following week
last week	the previous week

Przykład:

“I’ll see you tomorrow,” she said.
→ She said she would see me the next day.

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3. Twierdzenia (statements)

Używamy czasownika say lub tell (+ osobę):

Czasownik	Konstrukcja	Przykład
say	say (that) + zdanie	He said that he was tired.
tell	tell + osoba + (that) + zdanie	He told me that he was tired.

4. Pytania ogólne (yes/no questions)

Używamy: ask / want to know / wonder + if / whether + zdanie twierdzące (bez inwersji).

Mowa niezależna	Mowa zależna
“Do you like coffee?” he asked.	He asked if I liked coffee.
“Are they ready?” she asked.	She asked whether they were ready.
“Will it rain?” he wanted to know.	He wanted to know if it would rain.

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🔹 5. Pytania szczegółowe (wh- questions)

Używamy: ask / wonder / want to know + wh-word (who, what, where, when, why, how...) + zdanie twierdzące.

Mowa niezależna	Mowa zależna
“Where do you live?” she asked.	She asked where I lived.
“What are you doing?” he asked.	He asked what I was doing.
“Why did you go there?” she asked.	She asked why I had gone there.

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🔹 6. Rozkazy, prośby i zakazy
👉 tell / ask / order / advise / warn + osoba + (not) to + bezokolicznik

Typ	Mowa niezależna	Mowa zależna
Rozkaz	“Sit down!” the teacher said.	The teacher told us to sit down.

Zakaz

„Don’t go there” – he said

The teacher told us not go there

1. Reporting verbs + -ing form

Czasownik (Reporting Verb)	🇵🇱 Tłumaczenie	Konstrukcja po czasowniku	Przykład
admit	przyznać	+ -ing form	He admitted cheating on the test. → Przyznał się do oszukiwania na teście.
deny	zaprzeczyć	+ -ing form	She denied breaking the window.
suggest	zasugerować	+ -ing form	He suggested going to the cinema.
recommend	polecić	+ -ing form	The doctor recommended taking a rest.
consider	rozważać	+ -ing form	They considered moving abroad.
avoid	unikać	+ -ing form	She avoided talking about it.
mention	wspomnieć	+ -ing form	He mentioned seeing her at the party.
apologize for	przeprosić za	+ -ing form	He apologized for being late.

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2. Reporting verbs + to + infinitive

Czasownik	🇵🇱 Tłumaczenie	Konstrukcja	Przykład
agree	zgodzić się	+ to do sth	She agreed to help me.
promise	obiecać	+ to do sth	He promised to call later.
offer	zaoferować	+ to do sth	They offered to give us a lift.
refuse	odmówić	+ to do sth	He refused to pay the bill.
decide	zdecydować	+ to do sth	She decided to stay at home.
plan	planować	+ to do sth	We plan to visit Spain.
hope	mieć nadzieję	+ to do sth	I hope to pass the exam.
expect	oczekiwać	+ to do sth	He expects to get a promotion.
fail	nie zdołać	+ to do sth	She failed to notice the mistake.
pretend	udawać	+ to do sth	He pretended to be asleep.
offer	zaoferować	+ to do sth	She offered to drive us home.

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3. Reporting verbs + osoba + to + bezokolicznik

Czasownik	Tłumaczenie	Konstrukcja	Przykład
advise sb to do	doradzić komuś	+ osoba + to + bezokolicznik	She advised me to see a doctor.
encourage sb to do	zachęcić kogoś	+ osoba + to + bezokolicznik	He encouraged her to apply for the job.
invite sb to do	zaprosić kogoś	+ osoba + to + bezokolicznik	They invited us to join them.
remind sb to do	przypomnieć komuś	+ osoba + to + bezokolicznik	Please remind me to lock the door.
tell sb to do	powiedzieć komuś, żeby	+ osoba + to + bezokolicznik	She told me to wait outside.
warn sb to do / not to do	ostrzec kogoś	+ osoba + (not) to + bezokolicznik	He warned us not to touch the wire.
persuade sb to do	przekonać kogoś	+ osoba + to + bezokolicznik	He persuaded her to buy the car.
order sb to do	rozkazać komuś	+ osoba + to + bezokolicznik	The officer ordered the soldiers to move.
ask sb to do	poprosić kogoś	+ osoba + to + bezokolicznik	I asked him to explain it.
invite sb to do	zaprosić kogoś	+ osoba + to + bezokolicznik	She invited me to speak at the meeting.

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4. Reporting verbs + that-clause (że...)

Czasownik	🇵🇱 Tłumaczenie	Konstrukcja	Przykład
admit (that)	przyznać, że	+ that + zdanie	He admitted that he had lied.
agree (that)	zgodzić się, że	+ that + zdanie	She agreed that it was true.
deny (that)	zaprzeczyć, że	+ that + zdanie	He denied that he was involved.
explain (that)	wyjaśnić, że	+ that + zdanie	She explained that she was tired.
promise (that)	obiecać, że	+ that + zdanie	He promised that he would come.
say (that)	powiedzieć, że	+ that + zdanie	She said that she was ready.
tell sb (that)	powiedzieć komuś, że	+ that + zdanie	He told me that he’d finished.
warn (that)	ostrzec, że	+ that + zdanie	They warned that it might rain.

Reporting verbs – ćwiczenie (B2)

Wstaw poprawną formę czasownika w nawiasie.

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1. He admitted __________ (cheat) during the test.

2. She promised __________ (help) me with my homework.

3. They advised us __________ (leave) early.

4. I suggested __________ (go) out for dinner.

5. He told me __________ (not touch) his phone.

6. She denied __________ (steal) the money.

7. The teacher reminded us __________ (bring) our books.

8. He agreed __________ (come) to the meeting.

9. She warned him __________ (not drive) too fast.

10. They offered __________ (give) us a lift home.

11. He explained __________ (be) late because of traffic.

12. The doctor recommended __________ (take) a break.

13. She encouraged me __________ (apply) for the job.

14. He refused __________ (answer) the question.

15. She mentioned __________ (see) him at the park.

16. They decided __________ (stay) in instead of going out.

17. He persuaded me __________ (try) again.

18. She said __________ (be) tired after work.

19. He asked me __________ (help) him move the boxes.

20. She apologized for __________ (be) rude.

21. Wstaw poprawną formę czasownika w nawiasie.

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She suggested __________ (watch) a movie together.

1. He promised __________ (call) me after work.

2. They admitted __________ (make) a mistake.

3. The teacher told us __________ (be) quiet.

4. He denied __________ (know) anything about it.

5. She advised me __________ (see) a doctor.

6. They agreed __________ (meet) at the station.

7. He warned us __________ (not go) near the river.

8. She explained __________ (not have) enough time.

9. The boss reminded him __________ (send) the report.

10. I refused __________ (lend) him more money.

11. She mentioned __________ (visit) her grandparents.

12. He encouraged me __________ (take) part in the competition.

13. They decided __________ (move) to the countryside.

14. She apologized for __________ (forget) his birthday.

15. He offered __________ (carry) my bag.

16. The manager ordered them __________ (finish) the project.

17. She said __________ (feel) much better.

18. He asked me __________ (close) the window.

19. They recommended __________ (try) the new restaurant.

🔹 A. Twierdzenia (statements)

1. “I’m very tired,” she said.
   → ____________________________________________

2. “We haven’t finished our homework,” they said.
   → ____________________________________________

3. “I will call you tomorrow,” he said.
   → ____________________________________________

4. “I like Italian food,” Mary said.
   → ____________________________________________

5. “We can’t come tonight,” my parents said.
   → ____________________________________________

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🔹 B. Pytania ogólne (yes/no questions)

6. “Do you like coffee?” she asked me.
   → ____________________________________________

7. “Have you ever been to London?” he asked.
   → ____________________________________________

8. “Will you help me?” she asked.
   → ____________________________________________

9. “Is he at home?” she asked.
   → ____________________________________________

10. “Did they finish the project?” the teacher asked.
    → ____________________________________________

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🔹 C. Pytania szczegółowe (wh-questions)

11. “Where do you live?” he asked.
    → ____________________________________________

12. “What are you doing?” she asked.
    → ____________________________________________

13. “When did you arrive?” they asked.
    → ____________________________________________

14. “Why are you crying?” he asked.
    → ____________________________________________

15. “How much does it cost?” she asked.
    → ____________________________________________

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🔹 D. Rozkazy, prośby, zakazy (commands / requests)

16. “Close the door,” the teacher said.
    → ____________________________________________

17. “Please be quiet,” she said.
    → ____________________________________________

18. “Don’t touch that button,” he said.
    → ____________________________________________

19. “Help me with these bags,” she said.
    → ____________________________________________

20. “Don’t be late,” my dad told me.
    → ____________________________________________

part 2

Ćwiczenie 1: Reporting verbs – wstaw poprawną formę czasownika w nawiasie

1. He admitted __________ (lie) to his parents.

2. She promised __________ (bring) her friend to the party.

3. They advised us __________ (avoid) the busy streets.

4. I suggested __________ (try) the new café in town.

5. He told me __________ (not open) the window.

6. She denied __________ (break) the vase.

7. The teacher reminded us __________ (submit) our essays on time.

8. He agreed __________ (help) with the decorations.

9. She warned him __________ (not swim) in the lake.

10. They offered __________ (carry) our luggage.

11. He explained __________ (miss) the bus because of oversleeping.

12. The doctor recommended __________ (drink) more water.

13. She encouraged me __________ (join) the sports club.

14. He refused __________ (share) his notes.

15. She mentioned __________ (meet) him at the library.

16. They decided __________ (stay) home during the storm.

17. He persuaded me __________ (apply) for the scholarship.

18. She said __________ (feel) nervous about the interview.

19. He asked me __________ (check) the schedule.

20. She apologized for __________ (be) late to the meeting.

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Ćwiczenie 2: Reported speech – statements, questions, commands

A. Twierdzenia (statements)

1. “I enjoy painting,” she said.
   → ____________________________________________

2. “We are planning a trip,” they said.
   → ____________________________________________

3. “I will meet you at 6 p.m.,” he said.
   → ____________________________________________

4. “I love chocolate,” John said.
   → ____________________________________________

5. “We can’t find our tickets,” my friends said.
   → ____________________________________________

B. Pytania ogólne (yes/no questions)

6. “Do you want some tea?” she asked me.
   → ____________________________________________

7. “Have you seen this movie?” he asked.
   → ____________________________________________

8. “Will you join us for dinner?” she asked.
   → ____________________________________________

9. “Is it raining outside?” he asked.
   → ____________________________________________

10. “Did they arrive on time?” the teacher asked.
    → ____________________________________________

C. Pytania szczegółowe (wh-questions)

11. “Where are you going?” he asked.
    → ____________________________________________

12. “What time does the train leave?” she asked.
    → ____________________________________________

13. “When are you coming back?” they asked.
    → ____________________________________________

14. “Why is she upset?” he asked.
    → ____________________________________________

15. “How long will it take?” she asked.
    → ____________________________________________

D. Rozkazy, prośby, zakazy (commands / requests)

16. “Turn off the lights,” the teacher said.
    → ____________________________________________

17. “Please wait here,” she said.
    → ____________________________________________

18. “Don’t feed the dog,” he said.
    → ____________________________________________

19. “Carry these boxes,” she said.
    → ____________________________________________

20. “Be careful,” my brother told me.
    → ____________________________________________